Pharmacological Drug Interactions In Patients With Cataract In Kosovo: An Observational Study With 200 Patients

Fitim Alidema, Ardian Sermaxhaj, Sadik Rashiti

Abstract


Background: Cataract is one of the leading causes of reversible blindness worldwide. Most patients undergoing cataract surgery are elderly and take multiple medications for chronic conditions, which exposes them to polypharmacy and potential drug–drug interactions (pDDIs). Assessing these interactions is essential to prevent perioperative complications.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, types, and clinical significance of pharmacological drug interactions in patients undergoing cataract surgery in Kosovo.

Methods: This observational cross-sectional study included 200 patients scheduled for cataract surgery in ophthalmology clinics across Kosovo. Data on demographics, comorbidities, and medication lists (prescription and over-the-counter) were collected through structured interviews and medical chart reviews. Potential drug–drug interactions were identified using Lexicomp® and Micromedex®, and classified by severity (minor, moderate, major, contraindicated). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of clinically relevant pDDIs.

Results: The mean age of patients was 69.1 ± 8.4 years, and 56% were female. The average number of medications per patient was 6.8 ± 2.1, with 72% meeting the criteria for polypharmacy (≥5 drugs). At least one potential interaction was identified in 82.5% of patients, while 34% had at least one major or contraindicated interaction. The most common drug classes involved were anticoagulants/antiplatelets (45%), beta-blockers (32%), α1-blockers (18%), and combined antihypertensives (28%). Logistic regression analysis revealed that polypharmacy (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.9–6.2; p<0.001) and the presence of cardiovascular comorbidities (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.5–4.9; p=0.002) were significant predictors of clinically relevant pDDIs.

Conclusion: Potential drug–drug interactions are highly prevalent among cataract patients in Kosovo, particularly in those with polypharmacy and cardiovascular diseases. Careful preoperative medication review and the involvement of clinical pharmacists are essential to minimize perioperative risks.


Keywords


Cataract, Drug–Drug Interactions, Polypharmacy, Pharmacology, Kosovo, Ophthalmology

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v53.1.7562

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