Photodynamic Advances In Antimicrobial Therapy And Cancer Care: Review

Maged Naser, Mohamed M. Nasr, Lamia H. Shehata

Abstract


After photodynamic therapy entered clinical practice, research and development flourished rapidly, and scientists endeavored to develop novel photosensitizers and to overcome the technology's limitations. This effort yielded numerous important advances, among them new generations of photosensitizers, increased clinical applications, nanotechnology-based systems to improve treatment efficacy, greater selectivity against diseased tissue, and combinations with other minimally invasive treatments. Researchers have also developed stimulus-responsive delivery systems, disease-targeting methodologies, and approaches that enhance the penetration depth of activating light. Collectively, these advances have greatly enhanced a technology that remains relatively new.

The main application of photodynamic therapy remains the treatment of neoplasms. Many innovations initially developed in cancer research also find their way into other realms, including microbial, fungal, and viral infections; acne; wet age-related macular degeneration; atherosclerosis; psoriasis; environmental sanitization; pest control; and dermatology. Combining photodynamic therapy with other treatments offers three main benefits: greater efficacy via additive or synergistic effects, a low likelihood of resistance, and rapid development as a targeted, high-precision treatment. Combinations with established techniques, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, may augment their therapeutic utility. Photodynamic therapy has also proved valuable in mop-up surgery.

Published and preclinical studies, clinical trials, clinical applications, and post clinical case reports have established combination technologies. These technologies have attracted considerable research interest because they can be applied with relative ease, enhance treatment outcomes, and are rapidly advancing toward clinical relevance. They combine photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, cold plasma therapy, sonodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, or radiotherapy. Photochemical internalization is an important mechanism in several of these combinations.

Keywords


photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, photothermal hyperthermia, magnetic hyperthermia, anticancer, antimicrobial, combinations, nanomaterials chemotherapy, CAP, immunotherapy, radiotherapy

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v59.1.8677

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