A Critical Review Of Geomechanical Controls On Basin Evolution And Fluid Migration: From Tectonic Stress To Seal Integrity

Abstract

The integration of geomechanical principles into basin analysis has transitioned from a niche specialty to an indispensable component of modern subsurface evaluation. This shift is critical for reducing risk in conventional hydrocarbon exploration and production and is equally fundamental for emerging energy applications such as CO2 sequestration and geothermal energy. This review synthesizes the critical role of geomechanics in understanding the dynamic evolution of sedimentary basins and the complex, often transient, pathways of fluid migration. We focus on three key, interconnected areas: (1) the profound and often dominant influence of the tectonic stress field on the architecture of fluid migration pathways; (2) the dynamics of fault reactivation during basin development and its significant implications for fluid flow, seal breach, and hydrocarbon remigration; and (3) the impact of mechanical stratigraphy on the capacity and long-term integrity of seal rocks. By examining the intricate interplay between in-situ stress, rock mechanical properties, and pore fluid pressure, this article highlights the absolute necessity of a geomechanically-informed approach to accurately predict fluid distribution, assess trap and seal integrity, and optimize subsurface resource exploitation. We conclude by discussing the current challenges, particularly those related to model uncertainty and scale, and explore future directions where technological advancements, especially in coupled modeling and machine learning, are set to revolutionize integrated geomechanical-basin analysis.